● Blue = What we use
Heavy Civil & Utility Construction
Estimating, calculations, and processes for underground utility and civil work
Software & Tools
What We Estimate
We specialize in underground utilities and civil work. Typical scope includes:
- Water
- Sewer
- Storm Drain
- Gas
- Power Conduit
- Fiber
- RCP
- Vaults & Boxes
- Lift Stations
- Asphalt
- Concrete
- Hard Surfaces
Quantities are typically measured in linear feet, sizes/diameters, depths, and areas for surface work.
Finding Opportunities
Before estimating comes business development — finding and securing the right opportunities to bid.
Most public work is posted online. Key resources:
- UDOT: UP3 / Bonfire for state transportation work
- Federal: SAM.gov for government contracts
- Military: Working relationships with HAFB and other Utah bases
- Municipal: City/county websites, Demandstar, BidNet
Set up alerts and check regularly. Public work has defined timelines and clear bid requirements.
Most private work comes through relationships. Building a network takes time:
- GC relationships: General contractors who need utility subs
- Developer contacts: Residential and commercial developers
- Engineer connections: Civil engineers who specify our type of work
- Owner relationships: Direct relationships with municipalities, districts, private owners
Lunches, site visits, and staying in touch keep relationships warm. People work with people they trust.
An area we need to improve. Marketing efforts that help:
- Social media: Project photos, company updates, hiring posts
- Website: Portfolio of completed work, capabilities
- Industry presence: AGC, trade associations, networking events
- Reputation: Completing quality work on time — best marketing there is
Word of mouth and reputation drive most of our leads. But intentional marketing would help expand reach.
Keeping track of what's in the pipeline:
- Bid calendar: Track due dates, pre-bid meetings, site visits
- Lead tracking: Who called, what they need, when to follow up
- Win/loss tracking: What we won, what we lost, and why
Organized tracking prevents missed opportunities and helps improve hit rate over time.
The Estimating Process
A streamlined 7-phase approach that moves from opportunity assessment through field handoff.
Before committing to a bid, we evaluate the opportunity and our capacity to execute. Key questions:
- Do we have the backlog capacity to take on this work?
- Do we have the right skillsets and manpower?
- Is the project funded? Where is the funding coming from?
- What's our relationship with this client?
- Does the timeline fit with current commitments?
Relationships and trust factor heavily into bid/no-bid decisions. Funding verification is critical — it's one of the first red flags we look for. We try to bid strategically so projects don't have massive overlaps where resources compete.
Strong subcontractor relationships are essential. Building and maintaining those relationships (even simple gestures like holiday cards) matters for when we need to grow capacity.
Before diving into detailed takeoffs, we gather the information that will affect everything downstream:
- Site conditions: Geotechnical data on big jobs, site visits and exploratory pits on smaller ones
- Plan review: Initial review to identify scope, complexity, and potential issues
- RFIs: Submit clarification requests early to clear up ambiguity before it becomes a problem
- Subcontractor outreach: Reach out to subs early so quotes come back in time
Understanding what you're digging into matters — soil conditions, rock, water table, and access issues all affect production rates, equipment selection, and risk pricing. Getting this information upfront prevents rework later.
This is where the detailed measurement work happens. With site conditions understood and clarifications in hand, takeoffs are more accurate:
- Linear feet of pipe by size and depth
- Structure counts and types
- Surface areas for asphalt, concrete, restoration
- Excavation volumes accounting for actual soil conditions
Having a clear direction from the information gathering phase makes everything here more accurate and reduces rework.
With quantities in hand, we build out the full cost picture:
- Crews & Equipment: Operations manager handles crew organization. We balance owned vs. rented equipment — often bidding at rental rates to stay covered on older equipment.
- Production Rates: Mix of historical data, industry standards, and experience. Seasoned foremen help validate assumptions on bigger jobs.
- Materials: Supplier quotes, material pricing
- Subcontractor Quotes: Compile sub pricing that came back from early outreach
- Bid Items: Organize quantities into the bid structure with units that match bid form requirements
Capturing more production data from completed jobs is an ongoing goal — the more historical data, the more accurate future estimates become.
After the bid is built, we go through it with a fine-tooth comb. This is a dedicated review session:
- Field review: Bring in foremen or superintendents to walk through how the job will actually be installed — production rates, crew approach, equipment needs, sequencing
- Scrutinize everything: Quantities, rates, assumptions — fresh eyes catch what tired eyes miss
- Identify risks: What could go wrong? Soil surprises, access issues, schedule pressure
- Set contingency: Price risk appropriately based on unknowns
- Final margin: Make the pricing decision with full picture in view
Field staff validate what estimators assume. Their reality check on production rates and installation approach is critical — especially on larger or complex jobs.
Final push to get the bid out the door:
- Document preparation: HCSS generates most bid forms. Proposal generator handles schedule.
- Bonds: Coordinated with insurance provider when required
- Submission: Submit per client requirements
- Follow-up: Stay engaged with the client through the decision process
For smaller jobs that come in last-minute, we evaluate capacity and go after them if we can — historically we've done well on small jobs.
After award, we hold another estimating meeting to re-evaluate and make sure nothing was missed. If everything checks out:
- Pre-preconstruction meeting with the internal team
- Review project details, scope, production rates, equipment, crews
- Bring the whole crew in for training if needed
- Get suppliers and subcontractors the information they need
The goal is to set up the field team for a successful start with production from day one. A clean handoff means the field isn't inheriting estimating's assumptions without context.
Calculations
Volume Formula
Cubic Yards (CY) = Length (ft) × Width (ft) × Thickness (ft) ÷ 27
Shortcut for slabs (thickness in inches):
CY = Square Feet × Thickness (inches) ÷ 324
Quick Reference Table (CY per 1,000 SF)
| Thickness | CY per 1,000 SF |
|---|---|
| 4" | 12.35 |
| 5" | 15.43 |
| 6" | 18.52 |
| 8" | 24.69 |
| 10" | 30.86 |
| 12" | 37.04 |
Concrete Strength (PSI) - What It Means
PSI = Pounds per Square Inch of compressive strength at 28 days.
| PSI Rating | Typical Use | Mix Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 PSI | General fill, non-structural, lean concrete | Low cement content, economical |
| 2500 PSI | Light-duty slabs, foundations in good soil | Minimum for most structural work |
| 3000 PSI | Sidewalks, driveways, residential slabs | Standard residential/light commercial |
| 3500 PSI | Commercial slabs, moderate loads | Common commercial spec |
| 4000 PSI | Structural concrete, beams, columns, heavy slabs | Standard structural specification |
| 4500 PSI | Heavy structural, pre/post-tensioned | Higher cement, lower water/cement ratio |
| 5000+ PSI | High-performance, industrial, bridges | Specialty mixes, additives |
Concrete Ordering - Practical Notes
- Order 5-10% extra for waste, spillage, and over-excavation
- Specify slump (typically 4-5" for slabs, lower for structural)
- Air entrainment required in freeze-thaw climates
- Fiber mesh or rebar per spec - affects placement rate
Curb & Gutter (CY per 100 LF)
| Type | Approx. CY per 100 LF |
|---|---|
| Standard Vertical Curb (6" × 18") | 3.0 |
| Rolled/Mountable Curb | 2.5 |
| Integral Curb & Gutter (24" wide) | 4.0 - 4.5 |
| Valley Gutter (24" wide × 6") | 4.5 |
Calculate from actual cross-section dimensions when available.
The Core Formula
Tons = Area (SF) × Thickness (inches) × Asphalt Weight (lbs/CF) ÷ 2000 ÷ 12
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) weighs approximately 145-150 lbs per cubic foot.
Simplified Formula (using 145 lbs/CF)
Tons = SF × Thickness (inches) × 0.0604
Even simpler (industry rule of thumb):
Tons = SF × Thickness (inches) × 0.055 to 0.06
Quick Reference Table (Tons per 1,000 SF)
| Thickness | Tons per 1,000 SF | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1" | 6.0 | Thin overlay |
| 1.5" | 9.1 | Surface course |
| 2" | 12.1 | Standard overlay |
| 2.5" | 15.1 | Thicker surface |
| 3" | 18.1 | Full-depth patch |
| 4" | 24.2 | Heavy duty |
| 6" | 36.3 | Base course or full-depth |
Asphalt by Square Yard (SY)
1 SY = 9 SF
Tons per SY per inch ≈ 0.055
Example: 5,000 SF of 2.5" asphalt
5,000 × 2.5 × 0.06 = 750 tons (approximately)
Asphalt Removal/Milling
Same calculation - what goes in is approximately what comes out.
Removal Tons = SF × Existing Thickness (inches) × 0.055 to 0.06
Notes:
- Milled asphalt (RAP) weighs slightly less than virgin HMA
- Full-depth removal may require saw-cutting first
- Haul-off weight = removal tons
Basic Excavation Volume
CY = Length (ft) × Width (ft) × Depth (ft) ÷ 27
Trench Excavation (Sloped Sides)
CY = Length × [(Top Width + Bottom Width) ÷ 2] × Depth ÷ 27
The Three States of Soil
| State | Definition | When It Applies |
|---|---|---|
| Bank (In-Place) | Soil in its natural, undisturbed state | Measuring what's in the ground |
| Loose | Soil after excavation, expanded | Hauling, stockpiling |
| Compacted | Soil after placement and compaction | Fill, backfill, embankment |
Swell Factors (Bank → Loose)
When you dig soil, it expands. This is "swell."
| Material | Swell Factor | Loose CY per Bank CY |
|---|---|---|
| Sand | 10-15% | 1.10 - 1.15 |
| Loam / Topsoil | 15-25% | 1.15 - 1.25 |
| Common Earth | 20-30% | 1.20 - 1.30 |
| Clay | 30-40% | 1.30 - 1.40 |
| Rock (blasted) | 50-80% | 1.50 - 1.80 |
Formula:
Loose CY = Bank CY × (1 + Swell %)
Example: 100 CY bank measure of clay (35% swell)
Loose CY = 100 × 1.35 = 135 CY to haul
Shrink Factors (Loose → Compacted)
When you place and compact fill, it shrinks below loose volume.
| Material | Shrink Factor | Compacted CY per Loose CY |
|---|---|---|
| Sand | 10-15% shrink | 0.85 - 0.90 |
| Gravel | 10-12% shrink | 0.88 - 0.90 |
| Common Earth | 10-15% shrink | 0.85 - 0.90 |
| Clay | 15-20% shrink | 0.80 - 0.85 |
For ordering import material:
Loose CY Needed = Compacted CY Required ÷ (1 - Shrink %)
Example: Need 100 CY compacted fill (15% shrink)
Loose CY = 100 ÷ 0.85 = 118 CY to order
Material Weights (Tons per CY)
| Material | Tons/CY (Bank) | Tons/CY (Loose) |
|---|---|---|
| Sand (dry) | 1.35 - 1.45 | 1.10 - 1.20 |
| Sand (wet) | 1.50 - 1.70 | 1.25 - 1.40 |
| Gravel | 1.40 - 1.55 | 1.15 - 1.30 |
| Crushed Stone | 1.45 - 1.60 | 1.20 - 1.35 |
| Road Base (ABC) | 1.50 - 1.65 | 1.25 - 1.40 |
| Topsoil | 1.10 - 1.25 | 0.90 - 1.05 |
| Clay | 1.50 - 1.80 | 1.15 - 1.40 |
| Native Soil (avg) | 1.25 - 1.40 | 1.00 - 1.15 |
Import Material Calculation
How much to order:
Tons = Compacted CY Required × Weight (tons/CY) × (1 + Shrink Factor)
Example: Need 200 CY compacted road base
- Road base: 1.55 tons/CY compacted
- Add 15% for shrinkage
Tons = 200 × 1.55 × 1.15 = 356 tons to order
Backfill in Trenches
Volume:
Backfill CY = Trench Volume - Pipe Displacement - Bedding Volume
Pipe Displacement (CF per LF):
| Pipe Diameter | CF per LF |
|---|---|
| 4" | 0.087 |
| 6" | 0.196 |
| 8" | 0.349 |
| 12" | 0.785 |
| 18" | 1.767 |
| 24" | 3.142 |
Bedding: Typically 4-6" below pipe, pipe zone to springline, and initial backfill to 12" above pipe.
Standard Trench Volume
CY = Length (LF) × Width (ft) × Depth (ft) ÷ 27
Typical Trench Widths
| Pipe Size | Minimum Trench Width | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 4" - 8" | 24" | Or pipe OD + 12" |
| 10" - 12" | 30" | Or pipe OD + 18" |
| 15" - 18" | 36" | Or pipe OD + 18" |
| 24"+ | Pipe OD + 18" min | Per spec requirements |
Shoring Requirements (OSHA)
- 4' depth - Evaluate for protective systems if conditions unstable
- 5' depth - Shoring/sloping/shielding required
- 20' depth - Engineered system required
Trench Excavation Example
Given: 500 LF of 8" water line, 5' deep, 30" wide trench
Excavation CY = 500 × 2.5 × 5 ÷ 27 = 231 CY
With 25% swell for hauling:
Loose CY = 231 × 1.25 = 289 CY
Pipe Quantities
- Linear Feet - Measure centerline, structure to structure
- Add for verticals - Risers, drops from profile
- Fittings - Count each (elbows, tees, reducers)
- Valves - Count by size and type
- Structures - Count manholes, vaults, boxes
Common Utility Structures
| Structure | Typical Depths | Material |
|---|---|---|
| Sewer Manhole | 4' - 20'+ | Precast concrete |
| Water Valve Box | Surface - 6' | Cast iron, concrete |
| Pull Box (Electrical) | 18" - 36" | Polymer or concrete |
| Vault (Telecom) | 3' - 6' | Precast or polymer |
| Catch Basin | 3' - 8' | Precast concrete |
Grid Layout
Total LF = (Length ÷ Spacing + 1) × Width + (Width ÷ Spacing + 1) × Length
Rebar Weights
| Bar Size | Diameter | Weight (lbs/LF) |
|---|---|---|
| #3 | 3/8" | 0.376 |
| #4 | 1/2" | 0.668 |
| #5 | 5/8" | 1.043 |
| #6 | 3/4" | 1.502 |
| #7 | 7/8" | 2.044 |
| #8 | 1" | 2.670 |
| #9 | 1-1/8" | 3.400 |
| #10 | 1-1/4" | 4.303 |
Example: 50' × 30' Slab with #4 @ 12" O.C. Each Way
Bars running 50' direction:
(30 ÷ 1 + 1) = 31 bars × 50' = 1,550 LF
Bars running 30' direction:
(50 ÷ 1 + 1) = 51 bars × 30' = 1,530 LF
Total:
3,080 LF × 0.668 lbs/LF = 2,057 lbs of #4 rebar
Area
- 1 SY = 9 SF
- 1 Acre = 43,560 SF
Length
- 1 Mile = 5,280 LF
- 1 Foot = 12 inches
Volume
- 1 CY = 27 CF
- 1 CY = 201.97 gallons (water)
Weight
- 1 Ton = 2,000 lbs
- 1 CY water = 1,685 lbs
Where These Calculations Happen
| Calculation Type | Primary Tool | Verification |
|---|---|---|
| Area/Length measurement | Construction Takeoff | Bluebeam |
| Volume calculations | Excel / HCSS | Manual check |
| Material quantities | HCSS Bid Items | Takeoff cross-ref |
| Tonnage conversions | Excel formulas | Reference tables |
| Cost extension | HCSS | Spreadsheet backup |
Why Understand the Math?
- Software can be wrong - Bad input = bad output
- Sanity checking - Does this number make sense?
- Quick estimates - Field questions, phone quotes
- RFI responses - Understanding impact of changes
Bedding Material Quantities (CF per LF)
| Pipe Size | Sand Bedding (CF/LF) | Crushed Stone (CF/LF) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4" - 6" | 0.5 - 0.75 | 0.4 - 0.6 | 6" bedding depth |
| 8" - 10" | 0.75 - 1.0 | 0.6 - 0.8 | 6" bedding depth |
| 12" - 15" | 1.0 - 1.5 | 0.8 - 1.2 | 6" bedding depth |
| 18" - 24" | 1.5 - 2.5 | 1.2 - 2.0 | 6-8" bedding depth |
| 30"+ | 2.5 - 4.0 | 2.0 - 3.2 | 8" bedding depth |
Bedding Calculation
Bedding CY = Length (LF) × Bedding Width (ft) × Bedding Depth (ft) ÷ 27
Width: Pipe OD + 12" min | Depth: 6" below invert to springline
Barrel Volume (CY)
CY = π × (ID/2)² × Height (ft) ÷ 27
Common Manhole Sizes
| Inside Diameter | Wall Thickness | CY per Foot Height |
|---|---|---|
| 48" | 5" | 0.70 |
| 60" | 6" | 1.10 |
| 72" | 7" | 1.60 |
| 96" | 8" | 2.85 |
Riser Rings
Risers = (Total Depth - Base - Cone) ÷ 1.0 ft
Standard: 12" tall rings
Manhole Steps
Steps = (Depth - 2') ÷ 1.0 ft × 2
12" spacing, offset pattern
Frame & Cover Weights
- Standard (24"): ~300 lbs
- Heavy Duty (30"): ~450 lbs
- Traffic Rated (H-20): ~600+ lbs
Gaskets per Joint
Gaskets = Number of Joints
Typically one gasket per joint
Joints per Length
| Pipe Material | Standard Length | Joints per 100 LF |
|---|---|---|
| Ductile Iron | 18' - 20' | 5 - 6 |
| PVC | 20' | 5 |
| HDPE | 40' - 50' | 2 - 3 |
| Concrete | 8' | 12 - 13 |
| RCP | 8' | 12 - 13 |
Couplings & Restraints
- Mechanical couplings: One per joint
- Restraints: At bends, tees, dead ends
- Thrust blocks: Concrete volume varies by pressure/angle
Fitting Counts
Count from plans: Elbows, tees, reducers, flanges, end caps
Water Volume for Testing
Gallons = Pipe ID (inches)² × Length (feet) × 0.0408
Add 10-20% for filling, purging, and test pressure
Testing Methods by Utility Type
| Utility Type | Test Method | Typical Pressure | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water | Water pressure test | 150 PSI (1.5× operating) | 2 hours minimum |
| Gas - Low Pressure | Air pressure test | 3-5 PSIG | 24 hours |
| Gas - High Pressure | Hydrostatic (water) or air | 1.5× operating pressure | 24 hours |
| Gas - Distribution | Air pressure test | 50-100 PSIG | 24 hours |
| Sewer - Gravity | Water infiltration test | Head pressure | Per spec |
| Sewer - Force Main | Water pressure test | 1.5× operating | 2 hours |
| Storm Drain | Visual inspection or water test | N/A or head pressure | Per spec |
Test Volume Examples
Example 1: 1,000 LF of 8" water line
8² × 1,000 × 0.0408 = 2,611 gallons
Add 20% = 3,133 gallons total
Example 2: 500 LF of 12" sewer force main
12² × 500 × 0.0408 = 2,938 gallons
Add 15% = 3,379 gallons total
Testing Notes
- Water: Water pressure test
- Gas Low Pressure: Air pressure test
- Gas High Pressure: Hydrostatic (water) or air; some utilities require hydrogen testing
- Sewer Gravity: Water infiltration test
- Sewer Force Main: Water pressure test
- Storm: Visual inspection or water test
Excavator Production (CY per Hour)
Ideal conditions, 50-minute hour
| Excavator Size | Loose CY/Hour | Bank CY/Hour | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mini (1-3 CY) | 15 - 25 | 12 - 20 | Tight spaces, shallow |
| Small (3-5 CY) | 40 - 60 | 32 - 48 | Standard utility work |
| Medium (5-8 CY) | 80 - 120 | 64 - 96 | Deep trenches, large pipe |
| Large (8-12 CY) | 150 - 220 | 120 - 176 | Mass excavation |
Pipe Installation Rates (LF per Day)
| Pipe Size | LF/Day (Crew of 3-4) | Factors |
|---|---|---|
| 4" - 6" | 200 - 400 | Small, fast handling |
| 8" - 12" | 150 - 300 | Standard utility size |
| 15" - 18" | 100 - 200 | Heavier, slower |
| 24" - 30" | 50 - 100 | Requires larger equipment |
| 36"+ | 25 - 75 | Heavy equipment, careful placement |
Compaction Rates
| Equipment | SF/Hour | CY/Hour |
|---|---|---|
| Plate Compactor | 200 - 400 | N/A |
| Jumping Jack | 100 - 200 | N/A |
| Vibratory Roller | 1,000 - 2,000 | 50 - 100 |
| Sheepsfoot Roller | 800 - 1,500 | 40 - 75 |
Backfill Placement Rates
- Hand placement: 10-20 CY/day per person
- Equipment placement: 50-100 CY/day
- Mass fill: 200-400 CY/day with loader
Rates vary by soil conditions, depth, access, weather, and crew experience. Use historical data when available.
Truck Capacities
| Truck Type | Loose CY Capacity | Tons Capacity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single Axle | 8 - 12 | 10 - 15 | Small jobs, tight access |
| Tandem Axle | 12 - 18 | 15 - 22 | Standard dump truck |
| Tri-Axle | 18 - 22 | 22 - 28 | Larger loads |
| End Dump (Semi) | 20 - 25 | 25 - 30 | Mass hauling |
| Bottom Dump | 25 - 30 | 30 - 35 | Spreading applications |
Haul Cycle Time
Cycle Time = Load Time + Haul Time + Dump Time + Return Time
Typical Times
- Load: 3-5 minutes
- Dump: 1-2 minutes
- Haul/Return: Varies by distance
Trucks Needed
Trucks = (Production Rate CY/Hour × Haul Time Hours) ÷ Truck Capacity CY
Example: Excavating 100 CY/hour, 30-minute round trip, 18 CY trucks
Trucks = (100 × 0.5) ÷ 18 = 2.8 trucks (round up to 3)
Temporary vs Permanent
- Temporary: Cold mix, base only (50-75% of permanent cost)
- Permanent: Hot mix, full depth (match existing)
Asphalt Patching
SF = Trench Width (ft) × Length (ft) + Overlay
Overlay: Extend 6-12" beyond trench edges
Thickness: Surface 1.5-2", Base 2-4" (if needed), or match existing
Concrete Patching
For concrete surfaces:
CY = SF × Thickness (inches) ÷ 324
Sod & Seed
For grass areas:
- Sod: Measure SF, add 5% waste
- Seed: Typically 2-4 lbs per 1,000 SF
- Topsoil: 2-4" depth, calculate CY
Restoration Width
| Trench Width | Typical Restoration Width |
|---|---|
| 24" - 30" | 36" - 48" |
| 36" - 48" | 48" - 60" |
| 60"+ | Trench width + 12" each side |
Water Volume Calculation
Gallons = Area (SF) × Depth (ft) × 7.48
Pump Sizing
GPM needed based on water table and infiltration:
| Application | Typical GPM | Pump Size |
|---|---|---|
| Small trench (4-8" pipe) | 10 - 30 | 2" - 3" pump |
| Medium trench (12-18" pipe) | 30 - 75 | 3" - 4" pump |
| Large trench (24"+ pipe) | 75 - 150 | 4" - 6" pump |
| Manhole/vault excavation | 20 - 50 | 3" - 4" pump |
| Mass excavation | 100 - 300+ | Multiple pumps |
Well Point Systems
For deeper excavations or high water tables:
- Spacing: Typically 3-6 feet apart
- Depth: 5-10 feet below excavation bottom
- Header: Connect multiple well points to pump
Dewatering Duration
Required during excavation, pipe installation, and backfill (if water table high)
Lane Closure Linear Feet
LF = Work Length + Taper Length + Buffer
Taper Lengths (MUTCD)
| Speed Limit | Taper Length |
|---|---|
| 25 mph | 100' |
| 35 mph | 150' |
| 45 mph | 200' |
| 55 mph | 300' |
Signage Quantities (Per Lane Closure)
- Advance warning: 2-3 signs
- Work zone: 2-4 signs
- End work zone: 1 sign
- Barricades: 1 per 10-20 LF
- Cones: 1 per 10-15 LF (taper), 1 per 20-30 LF (work zone)
Flagging Hours
- Setup/takedown: 1-2 hours each
- During work: Continuous coverage
- Peak hours: May require additional flaggers
Traffic Control Plan
Required for work in roadway, lane closures, sidewalk closures, intersection work
Rock Classification
| Type | Description | Method |
|---|---|---|
| Riprap | Loose rock, can be ripped | Ripper attachment |
| Soft Rock | Can be excavated with hoe ram | Hoe ram, breaker |
| Hard Rock | Requires drilling/blasting | Drill & blast |
Ripping Production
- Riprap: 50-100 CY/hour
- Soft rock: 20-50 CY/hour
- Hard rock: Not rippable, requires blasting
Hoe Ram/Breaker Production
- Soft rock: 10-30 CY/hour
- Medium rock: 5-15 CY/hour
- Hard rock: 2-8 CY/hour
Drilling & Blasting
- Drill holes: 3-4" diameter, 3-5 feet deep
- Hole spacing: 3-5 feet apart
- Blast pattern: Per blasting contractor
- Production: Varies by rock type
Requires specialty subcontractors and permits. Rates vary by rock type, depth, and access.
| Material | Formula | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Concrete | CY = SF × inches ÷ 324 | Add 5-10% waste |
| Asphalt | Tons = SF × inches × 0.055 | Standard HMA |
| Excavation | CY = L × W × D ÷ 27 | Bank measure |
| Import fill | Tons = CY × 1.5 × 1.15 | Avg weight + shrink |
| Backfill | CY = Trench - Pipe - Bedding | Add compaction factor |
Lessons Learned
Don't cut corners. Estimating is scrupulous, highly detailed work with a lot of moving parts. Data needs to be captured accurately, analyzed, cross-referenced, and checked. Cutting corners always comes back to bite you. You can't wing it.
- Experience helps, but verify. After enough jobs, you develop intuition for what things cost. But always get a second opinion and scrutinize the bid.
- Maintain professionalism. Building and maintaining client relationships is ongoing work. Be open to negotiations.
- Clarify early. Get questions answered at the beginning, not in the middle of the bid.
- Capture data. The more historical production data you collect, the better your future estimates become.
- Involve the right people. Seasoned field staff can validate assumptions that estimators might miss.
Team
Andrew and I lead the estimating efforts, with support from project managers, superintendents, and our operations manager as needed. The goal is to grow this process — better data capture, stronger subcontractor relationships, and more involvement from field leadership on larger bids.